急性盐度胁迫下军曹鱼稚鱼应激反应的血清学指标

军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum稚鱼[体质量(25.6±4.9)g]从盐度37‰的自然海水中直接转移至盐度为0、5‰、15‰、25‰、37‰(对照)和45‰的水体中进行盐度急性胁迫试验,转移前及转移后0.5、1、2、3、6和12 h分别检测血清中皮质醇、血糖、乳酸和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)等应激指标变化.结果显示,试验期间对照组各指标在基础值附近变幅平稳;盐度0组在6～12 h内出现100%死亡,且死亡前稚鱼皮质醇(256.7 ng·mL-1)和血糖(11.95 mmol·L-1)都显示显著高水平(P＜0.05),而乳酸和AST水平则较低;其他4个胁迫组在最初3 h内皮质醇、血糖和乳酸水平都出现不同程度升高,其中盐度25‰组变幅显著高于其他组,除盐度5‰组皮质醇和乳酸水平在后期有升高趋势外,各组3 h后都逐渐回落至基础值或对照组附近.血清AST水平前期变化较复杂,试验后期盐度5‰和25‰组水平显著高于其他3组.除在淡水中导致稚鱼死亡外,以皮质醇水平为主要应激指标,综合分析显示,稚鱼对盐度胁迫反应初期强弱依次为盐度25‰、5‰、15‰和45‰,而后期在盐度5‰下的应激强度又逐渐增强.     

军曹鱼营养生理研究进展

本文就近年来国内外学者关于军曹鱼的营养生理的研究结果,包括各种营养物质的生理功能、需要量、缺乏症等进行综述。     

Dietary ascorbic acid requirement of cobia,Rachycentron canadum Linneaus

A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal requirement of cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linneaus) for dietary ascorbic acid (AA). Graded levels of L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (LAPP) were supplemented in basal diet to formulate six semi‐purified diets containing 2.70 (the control diet), 8.47, 28.3, 80.6, 241 and 733 mg AA equivalent kg^?1 diet, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of fish in flow‐through plastic tanks (300 L), and each tank was stocked with 25 fish with average initial weight of 4.59 ± 0.36 g. Observed deficiency signs included poor growth, higher mortality and lower feeding rate (FR) in the fish of the control group. Fish fed the control diet had significantly lower weight gain (WG), lower feed efficiency ratio (FER) and lower tissue AA concentrations in fish liver and muscle. With the increase of dietary AA, the survival, WG, FER, hepatic and muscular AA concentrations of cobia significantly increased and then levelled off. The dietary AA requirement of cobia was estimated to be 44.7 mg kg^?1 based on WG, 53.9 mg kg^?1 or 104 mg kg^?1 based on either hepatic or muscular AA concentration, respectively.     

饲料中添加半乳低聚糖对军曹鱼生长、部分血清免疫和生化因子的影响

以添加0、0．2％、0．4％、0．8％和1．6％半乳低聚糖（GOS）的饲料投喂军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）8周，研究GOS对军曹鱼生长、部分血清免疫和生化因子的影响。当饲料中GOS的添加水平低于0．4％时能促进军曹鱼生长，但影响不显著（P〉0．05）。在饲料中添加适当水平的GOS对军曹鱼血清溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性有显著的促进作用，而对过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性有显著的抑制作用。GOS对军曹鱼血清生化因子如总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆红素和直接胆红素的浓度有显著影响，对间接胆红素的影响不显著；只有GOS为0．2％的试验组血清总胆固醇浓度显著高于对照组，而0．4％的试验组血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）浓度显著低于对照组；当添加量低于0．8％时，碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性随饲料中GOS含量增加而降低。结果表明，在饲料中添加适当水平的GOS有利于军曹鱼的生长，并且能够改善军曹鱼的免疫功能和健康状况，其最佳添加量为0．2％～0．4％。     

微胶囊蛋氨酸或晶体蛋氨酸对军曹鱼幼鱼相关酶活性的影响

比较研究了低鱼粉饲料中添加微胶囊蛋氨酸或晶体蛋氨酸对军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum),消化酶和蛋白质代谢酶活性的影响.将鱼粉组和减少鱼粉后蛋氨酸缺乏组分别设为正、负对照组,试验组饲料在负对照组的基础上分别添加晶体蛋氨酸(MET)、羟基蛋氨酸(MHA)、邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素微胶囊蛋氨酸(CAP)、丙烯酸树脂微胶囊蛋氨酸(RES)和棕榈酸甘油酯微胶囊蛋氨酸(TPA),共7组等氮等脂饲料.每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾鱼,初始体质量(5.40±0.07)g,流水养殖8周,水温29～31℃.结果显示微胶囊蛋氨酸组的军曹鱼肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著高于正对照组和MET组(P＜0.05),MET和TPA组肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著高于正负对照组(P＜0.05);MET组军曹鱼幼鱼摄食后0.5 h肠道Na+、K+-ATP酶活性显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),摄食3 h后正对照组和RES组Na+、K+-ATP酶活性上升,显著高于CAP和MHA组(P＜0.05),摄食8 h后正对照组和微胶囊蛋氨酸组显著高于MHA和MET组(P＜0.05).以上结果表明,军曹鱼低鱼粉饲料中添加晶体蛋氨酸即可增进氨基酸的代谢和蛋白质的合成,微胶囊有助于蛋氨酸在肠道中的缓慢释放,提高肠道内胰蛋白酶活性.     

Cloning of Full Length cDNA and Tissue Expression Analysis of Hepcidin Gene from Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

The techniques of homology clone and RACE were used to clone the Hepcidin gene from cobia (Rachycentron canadium).The full length cDNA of Hepcidin gene was 714 bp with a 213 bp 5'untranslated region (UTR),a 228 bp 3'UTR and a 273 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 90 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 10.03 ku and theoretical isoelectric point of 7.54.The predicted molecular included signal peptide,prodomain peptide and mature peptide.Phylogenetic tree of Hepcidin amino acid sequences was constructed and homology compapison of amino acid sequences showed that homologies were varied from 24.4% to 85.6% with some known Hepcidin amino acids in other fishes and mammals.Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that Hepcidin gene was expressed in all tissues with different expression levels,which expressed most in liver.The Hepcidin gene expressions in liver,head kidney and spleen were up-regulated after stimulation of LPS and formalin-inactivated Vibrio carchariae.     

Efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate and clove oil as anaesthetics for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum

Six experiments were designed to determine the optimal anaesthetic dosage of tricaine methanesulphonate (TMS) and clove oil that could be used safely on juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum of two sizes [G1=4.9±0.8 g; G2=13.9±3.1 g]. We documented the stage of anaesthesia and the acute toxicity as 96 h LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50% population) at various exposure times of the two anaesthetics. At 10 min induction time, the TMS 96 h LC₅₀ was 93.9 mg L⁻¹ in G1 and 97.0 mg L⁻¹ in G2. Compared with clove oil, the 96 h LC₅₀ was 60.0 mg L⁻¹ in G1 and 69.8 mg L⁻¹ in G2. The difference between the two groups (G1, G2) did not influence anaesthesia safety ( P >0.05). Rachycentron canadum achieved stage 3 anaesthesia more rapidly at a lower clove oil concentration level (40 mg L⁻¹, 10 min) than TMS (60 mg L⁻¹, 10 min), but the recovery period of clove oil, was significantly longer. Clove oil was the most effective in reducing the short-term stress induced by routine biometry (20 mg L⁻¹, 10 min) and also by transporting (1 mg L⁻¹, 8 h). Whereas, for long-term exposure, 40 mg L⁻¹ TMS was found to be safe.     

硒源与硒水平对军曹鱼幼鱼生长性能、肝脏和血清抗氧化指标及组织硒含量的影响

本试验旨在研究硒源和硒水平对军曹鱼幼鱼生长性能、肝脏和血清抗氧化指标及组织硒含量的影响,以确定军曹鱼幼鱼对不同硒源的最适需要量。在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照)、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 mg/kg(以硒计)的亚硒酸钠(Se-S)或蛋氨酸硒(Se-Met),配制9种试验饲料(共用对照饲料),饱食投喂初始体重为(22.18±0.35)g的军曹鱼幼鱼10周。每种试验饲料投喂3个网箱(重复),每个网箱放养30尾试验鱼。结果表明:1)硒水平对特定生长率(SGR)和增重率(WGR)有极显著影响(P0.01),但对成活率(SR)和饲料系数(FCR)无显著影响(P0.05);硒源及硒源与硒水平的交互作用对SGR、W GR、FCR和SR均无显著影响(P0.05)。SGR和W GR随着硒水平的升高先升高后降低。2)硒水平极显著影响肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量及血清GSH-Px活性(P0.01),并显著影响血清GR活性(P0.05);硒源极显著影响肝脏GR、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和MDA含量及血清T-SOD活性(P0.01);硒源和硒水平的交互作用显著影响肝脏CAT活性和MDA含量及血清T-SOD活性(P0.05)。肝脏和血清GSH-Px活性随着硒水平的升高呈先升高后稳定趋势,GR活性呈先下降后稳定趋势。2种硒源均在添加量为0.9 mg/kg时有最高的肝脏GSH-Px活性,最低的肝脏GR活性。肝脏CAT活性随着硒水平的升高逐渐升高。3)脊椎骨、全鱼和肝脏硒含量随硒水平的升高而增加。硒源极显著影响脊椎骨硒含量(P0.01),硒源和硒水平的交互作用极显著影响肝脏和脊椎骨硒含量(P0.01)。以蛋氨酸硒和亚硒酸钠为硒源,通过二次回归曲线分析得出饲料硒水平分别为1.29和1.46 mg/kg时军曹鱼幼鱼可以获得最大SGR。以SGR和全鱼硒含量为判据,军曹鱼幼鱼对蛋氨酸硒的生物利用率分别相当于亚硒酸钠的1.20和2.90倍。     

我国军曹鱼研究现状

军曹鱼具有生长速度快、病害少、营养价值高等优点,是国内近几年来养殖规模迅速发展的重要海水经济鱼类,已成为海水网箱养殖的重要品种。根据国内军曹鱼的研究情况,对军曹鱼的基础生物学、人工繁养殖、营养需求、病害、遗传多样性等方面进行了综述和展望,以期为军曹鱼的进一步开发利用提供参考依据。     

Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia with an initial average weight of 1.25 g reared in indoor flow-through and aerated aquaria. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic practical diets (44% CP and 16% lipid) containing six levels of dietary lysine ranging from 1.15 to 3.25% (dry weight) at about 0.4% increments, using fish meal and wheat gluten as sources of intact protein, supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Equal amino acid nitrogen was maintained by replacing lysine with nonessential amino acid mixture. Each diet was randomly assigned to three aquaria and was fed to apparent satiation by hand four times daily. The results indicated that there were significantly differences in growth performance and feed utilization among the treatments. Maximum weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio occurred at 2.38% dietary lysine; but with the increase of dietary lysine from 2.38 to 3.25%, weight gain, special growth rate and protein efficiency ratio did not significantly increase. The hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, condition factor, crude protein content in whole body and main composition in muscle were significantly affected by dietary lysine levels; however moisture, lipid and ash content in whole body were not significantly affected by the dietary lysine. There were significant differences in total serum protein, glucose and triacyglycerol concentrations in fish fed diets with different dietary lysine levels. Haematocrit and leukocyte count were significantly affected by dietary lysine level, but hemoglobin and red blood cell count were not significantly affected. Lysine concentration in serum was significantly increased with the increase of dietary lysine level from 1.15 to 2.38%. Broken-line analysis on the basis of special growth rate showed that the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile cobia was 2.33% of dry diet (5.30% dietary protein).